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 Tremix concreting method is the method of removal of surplus water from the concrete to maintain optimum water-cement ration by vacuum system. In this method, excess water is removed from fresh concrete by vacuum dewatering technique. Equipment used in tremix concreting Vacuum pump  Top cover Filter pads and Power trowel  Vacuum pump runs on electric motor or petrol engine and is fitted with a ring liquid pump. Top cover also called vacuum mat consists of two suction mats 6m x 7m. Filter pads restricts the particle of concrete to enter in pump. Procedure of tremix concreting   At first, concrete is placed on the site by common concreting procedure like placing, leveling, compacting etc. After compaction of concrete surplus water is appeared on the upper surface of concrete floor. Filter pads are placed on the fresh concrete leaving about 4 inches of fresh concrete exposed on all sides. The top cover is then placed on the filter pads and rolled out till it cover...

   Now a days, the use of  Ready Mix Concrete (RMC) in large construction work has been continuously increasing. RMC is a concrete that is scientifically manufactured in batching plant and transported to the site by transit mixer without affecting its fresh properties.   The transit mixer is of two types - In one type, dry concrete is made at the batching plant, loaded into agitator truck mixer and water is added during transportation. Thus wet concrete is formed. In the other type, mixed wet concrete is made at the batching plant discharged into the agitator truck mixers and transported to the site. The drum in concrete is made to rotate till the concrete is placed to keep the concrete in plastic state. Procedure  The raw materials are tested in the plant before its use to ensure compliance with relevant standards. This eliminates the possibility of quality problems in the end product. The aggregates of different sizes are stored in separate bins and mixed in d...

    In the case of basements, sewerage and marine works, concrete needs to be placed under water. In this situation, a special type of concreting method is used which is called Tremie method. What is tremie?   A tremie is a water - tight pipe having diameter of 200 - 250 mm. It has a funnel - shaped hopper at its upper end and a loose plug at the bottom for discharge end. Tremie pipe is supported by a crane above the water level which is also used to lift up the pipe. It is easy to adjust the length of tremie pipe. What are the procedure of tremie method? Tremie method includes following procedure - At first, the tremie pipe is taken below the water, closing the bottom end with plug, by crane. Then it is made to rest at the point where the concrete has to be placed. After that, concrete having slump about 15 to 20 cm is poured into the funnel. When whole length of pipe is lifted up using power hoist. It is lifted up such that the bottom end of pipe lies inside the concret...

 The purification of water means making the unhealthy water potable. The purification of water involves following steps - Screening - The first step of purification of water is screening. In this step, the floating matter of large size present in the water is removed. Screening prevents the pumps and other equipments from the possible damage due to floating matter of sewage. Aeration - The process of exposing large surface of water to the atmospheric air is called aeration. After screening, water is collected in a large aeration tank and aerated by compressed air. This process removes volatile substances and gases like Hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide causing bad taste and odor. It increases the oxygen level in water. Due to aeration, precipitate of iron and magnese is formed which are separated from water. Sedimentation - The process by which suspended particles settle down under the action of gravity is known as sedimentation. Now, aerated water is placed in the sedimentati...

    A canal is an artificial channel constructed to carry water from a river, water tank or reservoir for different purposes like hydropower generation, irrigation, navigation etc.   An irrigation canal is the one which carries water from the source to the agricultural fields for the purpose of irrigation. Classification of irrigation canal based on discharge  Main canal - It is the leading canal of a network of irrigation channels. Its discharge capacity is very high. It is used to supply water to branch canals and major distributaries. It is mostly not used for direct irrigation.  Branch canal - It takes off from the main canal to either side. It carries a discharge of about 5 cumecs. Its main function is to supply water to major and minor distributaries. Major distributaries - They take off from the branch canals and sometimes from the main canal. They carry a discharge varying from 0.25 to 5 cumecs. They are mostly used for direct irrigation and supply water...

 PCC - Plain Cement Concrete PCC is the concrete which is simply containing cement, sand, aggregates and water in suitable proportions. There are no reinforcement is provided in this type of concrete. It has much compressive strength than tensile strength. Practically, It has been observed that it is very weak in tension. Material used in PCC Cement - We can use any type of cement in PCC but Portland Pozzolona Cement is more common and suitable. Sand - It should be hard, durable, strong, clean and well - graded. Aggregates - They also should be hard, durable, strong and well graded. Fine aggregates act as fillers and coarse aggregates provide strength to the concrete. Water - It should be potable i.e. it should be clean and free from injurious amounts of acids, alkalis, salts etc. The hardening of concrete is taking place due to chemical reaction between cement and water. Properties of PCC  Uses of PCC  As a base for RCC foundation, ground floor and load bearing walls. As...

  PVC - Polyvinyl chloride It is a vinyl polymer which structure is very much similar to polythene. It is produced by the free radial polymerization of vinyl chloride. In the recent years, the use of polyvinyl chloride has been increase in construction work due to their excellent property. It is resistance to fire, water, flame, and corrosion. It has light weight and great insulating property. As a building material, PVC is cheap and easy to assemble. It has become an alternative of conventional building materials like wood, concrete or clay. Advantages of PVC - Being a resistance to water, it is used to make shower curtains, water pipes etc. Being a hard plastics, it is used in window profiles, pipe, plumbing etc. It is extensively used in sewer industries for pipelines of the water. It is flexible. After addition of plasticizers, we can use it as roofing membranes and in electric cable insulation.  Thank you. Gracious! My Quora space My YouTube channel

 There are mainly five types of load, which are considered while designing a steel structure. They are - Dead loads, live/imposed load, wind load, snow load and earthquake load. In this article, a brief introduction of different types of load is given. Dead load (DL) It is the self - weight of structure. It is calculated by volume of each section multiplied with unit weight. Complete details of dead loads is given in IS:875(part-I)-1987. Live/imposed load (LL or IL) It varies in magnitude and in positions. It is applied on the structure temporarily. It depends on the intended use of the building. Related to IS:875(part-II)-1987. Wind load (WL) It is the horizontal load caused by movement of air relative to the earth. Essential to consider when the height of building exceeds two times the dimensions transverse to exposal wind surface. Depends upon velocity of wind and size of building. Related to IS:875(part-III)-1987. Snow load (SL) Vertical loads in the building. Considered only i...

 Environmental engineering is application of science and engineering principles to make a healthy environment, to provide potable water, clean air and land to accommodate all creatures. It is the study of land, air, water, life and complex interactions between all. ENVIRONMENT     An environment is everything that is around us which includes both living and non-living things and their surroundings. It helps in feeding life on the earth. It involves land, air, water and life. Lithosphere   It indicates the soul body, it means earth. It is the hard & rigid outer layer of earth. It includes crust, core and mantle. Atmosphere   It is the layer of gases surrounding the earth. Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon and Carbon-dioxide are major gases. Rest of gases are called trace gases. Hydrosphere It represents the water body present in our environment. All liquids & frozen surface water, ground water held in soil & rock, atmospheric water vapour. Biosphere   The ...

 There are six types of beam. They are  Cantilever beam Simply supported beam Overhanging beam Fixed beam Continuous beam Cantilever, simply supported beam Cantilever Beam -   A beam which is fixed at one end and free at other end, is known as cantilever beam. Simply supported beam -   A beam supported or resting on the supports at its end, is called simply supported beam. Overhanging beam -   The beam, in which the end portion is extended beyond the support, is called overhanging beam. Fixed beam -  A beam whose both ends are fixed or built in walls, is called fixed beam. Continuous beam - A beam which is provided more than two supports, is called beam. Cantilever, simply supported -   The beam which is fixed at one end or built in walls and simply resting at the other end, is called cantilever simply supported beam.   Thank you. My you tube channel My Quora space

 We all know that all substances expands with increase in temperature and shrinks with decrease in temperature. RCC means Reinforced Cement Concrete. It is the combination of steel bars and concrete. When we design RCC, a strong joint takes place between concrete and steel bars which acts as one body. Now, when the temperature of atmosphere increases, both steel bar and concrete will try to expand. Similarly, when temperature falls, they will try to shrink. We use steel bar with concrete in RCC, because their coefficient of thermal expansion is approximately equal. Due to this reason, they expand or shrink at the same rate. Therefore, the joint between the steel bar and concrete remain stable. In the case of Al bar or Cu bar or bar of some other materials, difference between their coefficient of thermal expansion will be more. Hence, they will expand or shrink at different rate which will make the joint (between concrete and bar) unstable. Thank you. My youTube channel My quora spa...

 The fluid may be classified into following five types :- Ideal fluid - A fluid, which is incompressible and is having no viscosity, is known as an ideal fluid. Ideal fluid is only an imaginary fluid as all the fluids, which exists, have some viscosity. Real fluid - A fluid, which passes viscosity, is known as real food. All the fluids, in actual practice, are real fluids. Newtonian fluid - A real fluid, in which the shear stress is proportional to the rate of shear strain or velocity gradient, is known as Newtonian fluid. Simply, we can say that the fluid which follows Newton's law of viscosity is called Newtonian fluid. Non-Newtonian fluid - A real fluid, in which shear stress is not proportional to the rate of shear strain or velocity gradient, is called Non-Newtonian fluid. They do not follow Newton's law of viscosity. Ideal plastic fluid - A fluid, in which shear stress is more than the yield value and shear stress is proportional to the rate of shear strain, is known as i...

 CBR - California Bearing Ratio The CBR test is conducted to get CBR value for soil on which road have to be constructed. CBR value is a measure of resistance of any material to penetration of standard plunger under contro0lle density and moisture content. The CBR test gives CBR value for a given soil sample that tells about its resistance against penetration. After getting CBR value, we determine thickness of pavement and its constituent layers as per IS specifications. In simple word, it gives bearing capacity of soil to resist vehicle loads and according to this value we calculate thickness of pavement for safe driving. If CBR test doesn't conduct and sufficient thickness is not provided then defects like waves, corrugation, rutting in black top pavement and cracking in cement concrete pavement may takes place.

 An emulsion is a mixture of heated bitumen and water which are unmixable in general. The mixing is done in the presence of an emulsifying agent like soap or resin. The emulsifying agent helps in mixing the two liquids. Depending upon the stability of the protective coating of emulsifying agent, the emulsion is classified in three category - Rapid setting - used for surface dressing Medium setting - suitable with coarse aggregate Slow setting - suitable with fine aggregate A bituminous emulsion contains 30% to 60%, by weight, of bitumen, 0.5 to 1% of emulsifying agent and the rest is water. Emulsion is commonly manufactured by Colloid mill method. Advantages of emulsion - It can be used when the aggregates are wet. Heating of aggregates and binder is not required and thus conserve energy. It can be used in cold weather. Emulsion is most ideal for patching and repair work. Due to low viscosity it can penetrate into fine cracks and hence useful for sealing cracks. Uses - Emulsion...

 At first, we need to understand the general chemical composition of a brick. A brick contains many chemical elements like silica, alumina, lime etc. When we burns the brick, the iron content present in the soil gets converted into iron oxide which imparts in the red colour of a brick. 7% of iron oxide is sufficient to make the brick red. If we burns the brick on low temperature, the iron content won't get converted into iron oxide completely. In this case, the bricks look pink in colour. Similarly, if the lime content increases, the brick will appear white. Thus, the colour of  bricks depends on the chemical composition of the soil from which they are made. Thank you. civil engineering civil boost

 There are numerous large irrigation projects have been established in for the agricultural development of India. In this article, we will mention the some important irrigation projects with their location and the service they provide. 1. Nagarjunasagar project (Andhra Pradesh) Location - across the river Krishna in Nalgonda district. Type - composite earth and masonry dam. Size - 4865 m long and 125 m high. Benefit - irrigates 8.3 lakh ha. 2. Godavari barrage (Andhra Pradesh) Location - across the river Godavari in East Godavari district. Type - barrage. Size - 3600 m long with 175 bays Benefit - irrigates 5.2 lakh ha. 3. Gandak project (Bihar) Location - across the river Gandak at Valmikinagar in Champaran district. Type - barrage, multipurpose scheme. Size - 740 m long. Benefit - irrigates 15.07 lakh ha in India and Nepal, 15,000 kW Power house as a gift to Nepal. 4. Ukai project (Gujarat) Location - across river Tapti in Surat district. Type - composite earth and ...

 In the modern era, a culture of higher building has been developed. All the big cities in this world have higher buildings in great numbers. Now, the question comes in our mind is that what is the need of higher building ? Why we are frequently constructing high rise buildings?  With the development of our cities, it became a need to accommodate the city's population. This need promotes the city to grow horizontally as well as vertically. The construction of higher buildings is the part of this development. In this article, we will talk about causes and effects of Higher building.  Before talking about higher buildings, we need to understand the term 'urban sprawl'. Urban sprawl means outwards expansion of city. The cities for which space is not an issue, urban sprawl is an easy solution for a growing population. but we can't leave the cities to expand outwardly. It has adverse effects on the environment as well as on the society. Urban sprawl requires a large network ...

 False ceiling is continuously getting a popularity these days. Installing a false ceiling was the part of offices, hotel, auditoriums, meeting halls and other public gathering places before. But in recent years it has become popular in residential building and also a symbol of modernity. False ceiling is the ceiling which is established below the traditional one. It is hung below the traditional ceiling. It is the part of finishing not the part of construction. It is the matter of appearance not of strength. False ceiling may be of various types - Gypsum false ceiling, plaster of parish false ceiling and wood ceiling etc. Among these types, gypsum board ceiling is more common. But why is the false ceiling becoming popular ? False ceilings are becoming popular due their efficacy, which they carry.  Installing a false ceiling is an easy task with suitable tools. It hides the wiring components and gives a clear look to the ceiling. In case of ceiling, it is easy to dismantle an...

  Ultrasonic pulse velocity method is an non-destructive test which is used to determine the compressive strength of concrete structure without any damage. This method consists of measuring the time of travel of and ultrasonic pulse passing through the concrete to be tested. In this method, A pulse generator circuit is used which consists of electronic circuit and transducer. Electronic circuit generates pulses and transducer transforms it into mechanical energy having vibration frequencies in the range of 15 to 50 kHz. The time of travel between initial onset and the reception of the pulse is measured electronically. The path length between transducer divided by the time of travel gives the average velocity of wave propagation. When mechanical impulses are applied to a solid mass, three different kinds of waves are generated - longitudinal wave, shear wave and surface wave. The longitudinal waves travel about twice as fast as the other two types. The shear waves are not so fast,...

 Shrinkage of concrete means volumetric change in concrete which affects the long term strength and durability of concrete. It is an inherent property of concrete. It appears in form of cracks.   Shrinkage of concrete is classified in three category - Plastic shrinkage Drying shrinkage Thermal shrinkage Plastic shrinkage - This type of shrinkage occurs when concrete is in plastic stage or we can say it occurs just after the concrete is placed. Plastic shrinkage takes place due to loss of water by evaporation or absorption by aggregate. poorly made concrete with high water - cement ratio. unintended vibration or yielding of formwork. extreme bleeding at the same time rapid drying. Plastic shrinkage crack can be reduced by preventing the rapid loss of water on surface. This is done by covering the surface with polythene sheet after placing the concrete immediately. by working at night. by applying mono-molecular coating by fog-spray. Drying shrinkage - After placing the concre...

 When water is added to the cement, its ingredients react to each other with the help of water and forms some complex chemical compounds . These complex compounds are called Bogues compound. They are - Di - calcium silicate Tri - calcium silicate Tri - calcium aluminate Tetra calcium alumino Ferrite Properties of Bogues compound - C3S -  It is having faster chemical reaction with greater heat of hydration as compared to C2S. It is responsible for maximum strength of cement. It contributes in strength from 24 hours and last upto 28 days, where maximum contribution due to C3S last upto 14 days. In rapid hardening cement, C3S containing is more as compared to OPC. C2S - It is having slow hydration and less heat of hydration. It imparts more contribution in later days strength. (14 days to 28 days) It is more stable compound than C3S. C3A - It is responsible for faster chemical reaction and very high heat of hydration. It contributes in strengths of 24 hours. Flash setting prope...

 There are two process of manufacturing cement - 1) Dry process and 2) Wet process.   In dry process, water is not mixed with raw materials during manufacturing process while in wet process, mixing of water takes place while manufacturing.   The raw materials used for manufacture of Portland cement are calcareous materials like lime stone and argillaceous materials like clay . Dry process of cement includes following steps :- The raw materials are first reduced in size of about 25 mm in crushers. A current of dry air is then passed over these dried materials. These materials are then pulverized into fine powder in ball mills and tube mills.  All of the above operations are done separately for each raw material and they are stored in hoppers. They are then mixed in correct proportions and burned in a rotary kiln at a temperature of about 1300 - 1500 degree celsius. In the kiln, the materials sinter and then they gets fused to form nodular shaped clinker.  The cli...

 As per IRC:67-1977 code of practice, traffic signs are classified into the following three categories :- Warning signs or danger signs or cautionary signs Regulatory signs - prohibitory signs mandatory signs Informatory signs - Indication signs Direction and advance direction signs. Place and route identification signs. 1. WARNING SIGNS -     Warning signs are used to warn road users of hazardous conditions on or adjacent to the road. This is also used to indicate the approach to a place where caution is required. The use of warning signs should be kept to a minimum, because unnecessary use of signs tends to breed disrespect for all signs. 2. REGULATORY SIGNS -    Regulatory signs are used to inform road users of certain laws and regulations to provide safe and smooth movement of traffic. It is further sub-divided into two parts - (i) prohibitory signs and (ii) mandatory signs. Prohibitory signs are intended to inform the road users of traffic laws or regulati...

 Traversing method of plane table surveying includes following steps :- All traverse stations A, B, C and D are selected. The plane table is set up over the starting point 'A' and by using U-fork, point 'A' is transferred on the drawing sheet as 'a'. The plane table is oriented so that the area to be surveyed, falls on the table. A magnetic North line is drawn with a box compass. Pivoting the alidade about 'a', we sight the next station B and draw a ray along the fiducial edge of alidade. The distance AB is measured and a line 'ab' is plotted on the ray by taking suitable scale. The table is shifted to station 'B' and centered such that the ray 'ab' passed vertically above the ground point 'B'. Alidade is placed along the ray 'ba' and table is rotated till ground station A is sighted. Then, it is clamped. Pivoting the alidade about 'b', the next station C is sighted and 'bc' is platted on the  ray d...

 The adjustment which is required to be made at every instrument station before making observations, is known as temporary adjustments .  The temporary adjustment of theodolite includes following operations :- 1) Setting up and centering the theodolite - In this operation, the centering of theodolite over the ground mark and approximate leveling is done. Procedure - A plumb bob is suspended with a string attached to the bottom of the instrument. The theodolite is place over the station mark by spreading the legs well apart so that telescope is at a convenient height. The tripod legs are moved radially and circumferentially till the plum bob hangs within 1 cm horizontally of the station mark. 2) Leveling of a theodolite - The operation of making the vertical axis of theodolite truly vertical, is known as leveling of the theodolite. Procedure - The level tube is made parallel to the line joining any two foot-screws by turning the horizontal plate. The bubble is brought at the...

  Hydrological cycle is the cycle of circulation of water in the environment. It is the process in which water moves from one state or phase to another state or phase.    water from the water body like ocean, river, ponds etc. evaporates and goes to the atmosphere where it forms clouds. After condensation, they move towards the earth in form of precipitation and again stored in the water body (ocean, river, ponds etc.). Thus, water forms a cycle which is called hydrological cycle.    It is a continuous process which has been taking place since thousand years ago and will continue till the end of earth's age. TERMS USED IN HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE Evaporation - It is conversion of water from liquid state to vapour state. It takes place due to the sun (ultimate source of energy). Precipitation - It is defined as the fall of moisture from atmosphere to the earth surface. It may takes place in various forms. Precipitation occurs in form of rain, drizzle, snow, glaze, h...

 There are four characteristics which are considered crucial for an ideal pavement surface. They are  friction unevenness light reflection drainage Friction   As we know, friction is essential to move any body. whether it is human or a particle or a vehicle, they all need frictional force to move forward.   Thus, friction between wheel and pavement is an essential consideration in designing pavement surface. It affects the acceleration and deceleration ability of vehicle. If sufficient friction force is not generated between the surface and wheels, it may cause skidding and slipping. Skidding happens when the path traveled along the road surface is more than the circumferential movement of the wheels. Ex.- when we applied brake while driving bicycle, the wheels slide without revolving. It is the phenomena of skidding. Slipping occurs when the wheel revolves more than the corresponding longitudinal movement along the road. Ex.- when the vehicle gets stuck in the mud, ...

 There are many kinds of drawing are prepared for establishing a road project. KEY MAP  - It shows the proposed & existing roads & important places to be connected. INDEX MAP  - It shows the general topography of the area/site by using symbols. PRELIMINARY SURVEY PLANS  - It shows details of various alternate alignments. DETAILED PLAN  - It shows the ground plan with alignment & the boundaries including existing structures. LONGITUDINAL SECTIONS  - It shows the details of longitudinal section such as datum line, existing ground surface and vertical profile of the proposed road and position of drainage crossings. DETAILED CROSS- SECTION  - They are drawn at every 100m interval or where there are abrupt changes in level. It shows the area of cutting and filling. LAND AQUISITION PLANS & SCHEDULES  - It shows all general details such as building, wells, nature of gradients and other details required for assessing the values. DETAILED D...

  The grade of cement indicates the bearing strength of cement. The cement strength is measured after 28 days with proper curing. Proper curing is very essential to get the full  compressive strength  of cement, because it controls rate of hydration. Mainly 3 different grades of cement are commonly used. GRADE - 33 GRADE - 43 GRADE - 53 Grade - 33 The grade-33 Portland cement shows their high workability as compared to other grades. In mortar for plaster and for masonry, the grade 33 was commonly used. Its crushing strength, after 3 days - 16 N/mm² after 7 days - 22 N/mm² after 28 days - 33 N/mm² It always cover the specification of  IS CODE 269. Grade - 43 The grade 43 portland cement is generally used in R.C.C. and R.M.C. It has good ability to resist sulfate and has a low chloride content. By using this grade we get good and smooth surface output. Its strength after 3 days - 23 N/mm² 7 days - 33 N/mm² 28 days - 43 N/mm² It always cover the specification of  I...