Civil boost

 As per IRC:67-1977 code of practice, traffic signs are classified into the following three categories :- Warning signs or danger signs or cautionary signs Regulatory signs - prohibitory signs mandatory signs Informatory signs - Indication signs Direction and advance direction signs. Place and route identification signs. 1. WARNING SIGNS -     Warning signs are used to warn road users of hazardous conditions on or adjacent to the road. This is also used to indicate the approach to a place where caution is required. The use of warning signs should be kept to a minimum, because unnecessary use of signs tends to breed disrespect for all signs. 2. REGULATORY SIGNS -    Regulatory signs are used to inform road users of certain laws and regulations to provide safe and smooth movement of traffic. It is further sub-divided into two parts - (i) prohibitory signs and (ii) mandatory signs. Prohibitory signs are intended to inform the road users of traffic laws or regulations.       Mandatory sig

 Traversing method of plane table surveying includes following steps :- All traverse stations A, B, C and D are selected. The plane table is set up over the starting point 'A' and by using U-fork, point 'A' is transferred on the drawing sheet as 'a'. The plane table is oriented so that the area to be surveyed, falls on the table. A magnetic North line is drawn with a box compass. Pivoting the alidade about 'a', we sight the next station B and draw a ray along the fiducial edge of alidade. The distance AB is measured and a line 'ab' is plotted on the ray by taking suitable scale. The table is shifted to station 'B' and centered such that the ray 'ab' passed vertically above the ground point 'B'. Alidade is placed along the ray 'ba' and table is rotated till ground station A is sighted. Then, it is clamped. Pivoting the alidade about 'b', the next station C is sighted and 'bc' is platted on the  ray d

 The adjustment which is required to be made at every instrument station before making observations, is known as temporary adjustments .  The temporary adjustment of theodolite includes following operations :- 1) Setting up and centering the theodolite - In this operation, the centering of theodolite over the ground mark and approximate leveling is done. Procedure - A plumb bob is suspended with a string attached to the bottom of the instrument. The theodolite is place over the station mark by spreading the legs well apart so that telescope is at a convenient height. The tripod legs are moved radially and circumferentially till the plum bob hangs within 1 cm horizontally of the station mark. 2) Leveling of a theodolite - The operation of making the vertical axis of theodolite truly vertical, is known as leveling of the theodolite. Procedure - The level tube is made parallel to the line joining any two foot-screws by turning the horizontal plate. The bubble is brought at the centre b

  Hydrological cycle is the cycle of circulation of water in the environment. It is the process in which water moves from one state or phase to another state or phase.    water from the water body like ocean, river, ponds etc. evaporates and goes to the atmosphere where it forms clouds. After condensation, they move towards the earth in form of precipitation and again stored in the water body (ocean, river, ponds etc.). Thus, water forms a cycle which is called hydrological cycle.    It is a continuous process which has been taking place since thousand years ago and will continue till the end of earth's age. TERMS USED IN HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE Evaporation - It is conversion of water from liquid state to vapour state. It takes place due to the sun (ultimate source of energy). Precipitation - It is defined as the fall of moisture from atmosphere to the earth surface. It may takes place in various forms. Precipitation occurs in form of rain, drizzle, snow, glaze, hail and sleet. Rain

 There are four characteristics which are considered crucial for an ideal pavement surface. They are  friction unevenness light reflection drainage Friction   As we know, friction is essential to move any body. whether it is human or a particle or a vehicle, they all need frictional force to move forward.   Thus, friction between wheel and pavement is an essential consideration in designing pavement surface. It affects the acceleration and deceleration ability of vehicle. If sufficient friction force is not generated between the surface and wheels, it may cause skidding and slipping. Skidding happens when the path traveled along the road surface is more than the circumferential movement of the wheels. Ex.- when we applied brake while driving bicycle, the wheels slide without revolving. It is the phenomena of skidding. Slipping occurs when the wheel revolves more than the corresponding longitudinal movement along the road. Ex.- when the vehicle gets stuck in the mud, its tyre revolves a

 There are many kinds of drawing are prepared for establishing a road project. KEY MAP  - It shows the proposed & existing roads & important places to be connected. INDEX MAP  - It shows the general topography of the area/site by using symbols. PRELIMINARY SURVEY PLANS  - It shows details of various alternate alignments. DETAILED PLAN  - It shows the ground plan with alignment & the boundaries including existing structures. LONGITUDINAL SECTIONS  - It shows the details of longitudinal section such as datum line, existing ground surface and vertical profile of the proposed road and position of drainage crossings. DETAILED CROSS- SECTION  - They are drawn at every 100m interval or where there are abrupt changes in level. It shows the area of cutting and filling. LAND AQUISITION PLANS & SCHEDULES  - It shows all general details such as building, wells, nature of gradients and other details required for assessing the values. DETAILED DESIGN FOR CROSS-DRAINAGE AND MASONRY ST

  The grade of cement indicates the bearing strength of cement. The cement strength is measured after 28 days with proper curing. Proper curing is very essential to get the full  compressive strength  of cement, because it controls rate of hydration. Mainly 3 different grades of cement are commonly used. GRADE - 33 GRADE - 43 GRADE - 53 Grade - 33 The grade-33 Portland cement shows their high workability as compared to other grades. In mortar for plaster and for masonry, the grade 33 was commonly used. Its crushing strength, after 3 days - 16 N/mm² after 7 days - 22 N/mm² after 28 days - 33 N/mm² It always cover the specification of  IS CODE 269. Grade - 43 The grade 43 portland cement is generally used in R.C.C. and R.M.C. It has good ability to resist sulfate and has a low chloride content. By using this grade we get good and smooth surface output. Its strength after 3 days - 23 N/mm² 7 days - 33 N/mm² 28 days - 43 N/mm² It always cover the specification of  IS CODE 8112. Grade - 53